Application may include

cookies
Global Unique Identifiers (GUIDs)
smartphone/handheld computer privacy
equipment theft
hacking and viruses
malicious software
email spoofing
plagiarism
intellectual property, patents, and copyrights
fair use and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Internet censorship
packet sniffing
authentication, security keys, and encryption

and their use in denying or enhancing security, integrity, courtesy, and confidentiality in information and communication systems and intellectual property.