Explanation includes the way low-viscosity flow occurs when an increase in the speed of the fluid (air) occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure. When air flow velocity increases over a wing, the lower pressure on the upper wing increases. Application should also include discussion of the biplane effect (inter-wing convergence and divergence) and lift vs. deflection.

Bernoulli’s Equation: P + 1/2 ρV² + ρgh = constant

P = pressure

ρ = air density

V = velocity

g = gravitational acceleration

h = elevation

Continuity Equation: P₁ - P₂ = 1/2 ρ(V²₂ - V²₁ )

A₁ V₁ = A₂ V₂

Teacher Resource:

Bernoulli's Principle On-Board the International Space Station, NASA Launchpad

Process/Skill Questions:

How does Bernoulli’s principle influence wing design?
Why does the velocity change around an airfoil?
How is Bernoulli’s principle applied to short-takeoff and short-landing aircraft?
What is ground effect, and does it help or hinder an aircraft takeoff or landing?
Why do pilots flare when they land?